COFFEE AS A HEALTHY DRINK?
ARE YOU SURE?

Yes this is a brazen plug for our ethical addictions fair trade organic coffees.
Some people are unaware of the healthy nature of coffee.
Have you considered that coffee is a source of antioxidants – important in disease protection?

Many studies show no negative effects and even benefits to health when drinking a few cups of coffee per day – even as compared to no coffee intake. (some are referenced below)
Studies have shown coffee consumption offers significant risk reduction in Type 2 Diabetes, Parkinsons, certain cancers including colon cancer, pregnancy complications and more.
Why do so many people believe the opposite? The media features negative sensational stories. Studies that seem to show problems with excessive consumption, studies that are not adjusted for tobacco use, diet and alcohol consumption or even negative studies that are flawed or have subsequently been disproven or withdrawn are just more exciting to report. When you hear of any study do research on your own and find out how the results are interpreted and what is unreported. Below are some resources and references to start with.
Considering coffees health benefits – on top of its wonderful flavour, enjoyment and even romance… adding to this the impact of the ethical choice for fair trade coffee so as not to exploit third world farm workers… Our fair trade organic coffee should be on your must-buy list.

RESEARCH STARTING POINTS

Harvard School of Medicine http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/abstract/140/1/1
The Coffee Science Information Centre http://www.cosic.org
National Coffee Association, Coffee Science Source: http://www.ncausa.org
British Dietetic Association: http://www.vois.org.uk/bda/
European Food Information Centre: http://www.eufic.org
International Life Sciences Institute: http://www.ilsi.org/europe.html
Food & Drug Administration (US): http://www.fda.gov/fdahomepage.html
Medical Research Council (UK): http://www.mrc.ac.uk
World Health Organisation: http://www.who.int
American Cancer Society: http://www.cancer.org
Association for International Cancer Research: http://www.aicr.org.uk
British Association for Cancer Research: http://www.icr.ac.uk/bacr/home.htm
European Association for Cancer Research (EACR): http://www.cancereurope.net

COFFEE AND BRONCHIAL ASTHMA

Schwartz, J. A.E.P., 2, 627-635, 1992.
Pagano, R. et al. Chest, 94, 387-389, 1988.
Kivity, S. et al. Chest, 97, 1083-1085, 1990.
Henderson, J.C., et al. Thorax, 48, 824-826, 1993.

ANTIOXIDANT SUBSTANCES IN COFFEE

Hertog, M.G.L. et al. Lancet, 342, 1007-1011, 1993.
Nicoli, M.C. et al. Lebensmittel, Wissenschaft und Technologie, 30, 292-297, 1997.
Singhara, A. et al. Presentation at the American Chemical Society national meeting, San Francisco, USA, April 1997.

COFFEE AND IMPROVED ALERTNESS AND MOOD

Hazenfratz, M. et al. Human Psychopharmacology, 6, 277-284, 1991
Smith A. P. et al. Neuropsychobiology, 23, 160-163, 1990.
Walsh, J.K. et al. Psychopharmacology, 101, 2710173, 1990.
Smith, A. P. et al. Neuropsychobiology, 17, 217-223, 1993.
Smith, A..P. et al. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 11(4) 319-324, 1997.
Horne, J.A. and Reyner, L.A., Psychophysiology, 33, 306-309, 1996.
Horne, J.A. and Reyner, L.A., Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 56, 289-294, 1999.
Battig, K., Buzzi, R. Neuropsychobiology, 16, 126-130, 1986.
Klatsky, A.L. et al. Annals of Epidemiology, 3, 375-381, 1993.

COFFEE AND REDUCED STONE FORMATION (CALCULI)

Curhan, G.C. et al. American Journal of Epidemiology, 143, 240-247, 1996.
Curhan, G.C. et al. Annals of Internal Medicine, 128, 534-540, 1998.
Leitzmann, M. F. et al. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 22, 2106-2112, 1999.

COFFEE AND REDUCED RISK OF COLON CANCER

World Health Organisation International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans — Coffee, Tea, Mate, Methylxanthines and Methyglyoxal, 51, 1991.
Jacobsen, B.K. et al. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 76, 823-831, 1986.
La Vecchia, C. et al. Cancer Research, 49, 1049-1051m 1989.
La Vecchia, C. et al. International Journal of Cancer, 41, 492-498, 1988.
Kato, I et al. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research, 81, 1101-1108, 1990.
Baron, J.A.et al. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 3, 565-570, 1994.
Tavani, A. et al. International Journal of Cancer, 73, 193-197, 1997.
Favero, A.et al, Nutrition and Cancer, 30(3), 182-185, 1998

COFFEE AND CANCER

The Work Study Group on Diet, Nutrition and Cancer, American Cancer Society Guidelines on Diet, Nutrition and Cancer. CA-A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 41, 334-337, 1991.
Stensvold, I., Jacobsen, B.K. Cancer Causes and Control, 5, 401-408, 1994.
Nehlig, A. and Debry, G. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, 79, 185-221, 1996.
World Cancer Research Fund. Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. 1997.
World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans — Coffee, Tea, Mate, Methylxanthines and Methyglyoxal, 51, 1991.
Rosenberg, L. et al. American Journal of Epidemiology, 122, 391-399, 1985.
La Vecchia, C. et al. Surgery, 100, 477-480, 1986.
Graham, S. et al. American Journal of Epidemiology, 136, 1327-1337, 1992.
Schiarer, C. et al. International Journal of Cancer, 40, 469-473, 1987.
Lubin, F. et al. Journal of the American Medical Association, 253, 2388-2392, 1985.
Schiarer, C. et al. American Journal of Epidemiology, 124, 603-611, 1986.
Heyden, S., Fodor, G. Canadian Journal of Surgery, 29, 208-211, 1986.
Lubin, F., Ron, E. Cancer Letters, 53, 81-90, 1990.
Levinson, W. et al. Archives of Internal Medicine, 146, 1773-1775, 1986.
Folsom, A.R. et al. American Journal of Epidemiology, 138, 380-383, 1993.
Smith, S.J. et al. British Journal of Cancer, 70, 112-119, 1994.
MacMahon, B. et al. New England Journal of Medicine, 304, 630-633, 1981.
Hsieh, C.C. et al. New England Journal of Medicine, 315, 587-589, 1986.
Lyon, J.L. et al. Epidemiology, 3, 164-170, 1992.
Jacobsen, B.K. et al. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 76, 823-831, 1986.
Hiatt, R.A. et al. International Journal of Cancer, 41, 794-797, 1988.
Wynder, E.L. et al. Cancer Research, 46, 5360-5363, 1986.

COFFEE AND HEART DISEASE

Jossa, F. et al. Annals of Epidemiology, 3, 250-255, 1993.
Barrett-Connor, E. et al. American Journal of Public Health, 80, 1310-1313, 1990.
Thelle, D. et al. Acta Medica Scandinavica, 222, 215-221, 1987.
Gyntelberg, F. et al. Journal of Internal Medicine, 236, 1-7, 1994.
Dawber, T.R. et al. New England Journal of Medicine, 291, 871-874, 1974.
Wilson, P.F.W. et al. Archives of Internal Medicine, 149, 1169-1172, 1989.
Klatsky, A.L. et al. Journal of the American Medical Association, 226, 540-543, 1973.
Grobee, D.E. et al. New England Journal of Medicine, 323, 1026-1032, 1990.
Brown, C.A. et al. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 47, 171-175, 1993.
James, J.E. Lancet, 349, 279-281, 1997.
Klatsky, A.L. et al. American Journal of Epidemiology, 132, 479-488, 1990.

COFFEE AND BLOOD PRESSURE

Rosmarin, P.C. et al. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 5, 211-213, 1990.
Myers. M.G. et al. American Journal of Hypertension, 4, 427-431, 1991.
Robertson, D. et al. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 67, 1111-1117, 1981.
Bak, A. and Grobbee, D., American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 53, 971-975, 1991.
Robertson, D. et al. American Journal of Medicine, 77, 54-60, 1984.
MacDonald, T.M. et al. British Medical Journal, 303, 1235-1238, 1991.
Martin, J.B. et al. Cafe, Cacao, The, 30, 281-287, 1986.
Martin, J.B. et al. Preventive Medicine, 17, 310-320, 1988.
Myers, M.G. et al. Archives of Internal Medicine, 148, 1189-1193, 1988.
Lavallo, W.R. et al. Health Psychology, 15, 11-17, 1996.
Sung, B.H. et al. American Journal of Hypertension, 8, 1184-1188, 1995.
Green, P.J. and Suls, J. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 19, 111-128, 1996.
Stamler, J. et al. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 65 (Suppl) 338S-365S, 1997.

COFFEE AND PREGNANCY

Leviton, A.J. Reproductive Medicine, 33, 175-178, 1988.
Wilcox, A. et al. Lancet, 24/31 December, 1453-1455, 1988.
Joesoef, M.R. et al. Lancet, 335, 136-137, 1990.
Olsen, J. American Journal of Epidemiology, 133, 734-739, 1991.
Caan, B. et al. Am J Public Health, 88, 270-274, 1998.
Hatch, E.E., Bracken, M.B. American Journal of Epidemiology, 138, 1082-1092, 1993.
Stanton, C.K. and Gray, R.H. American Journal of Epidemiology, 142, 1322-1329, 1995.
Alderete, E. et al. Epidemiology, 2, 168-174, 1991.
MacDonald, A.D. et al. American Journal of Public Health, 82, 85-87, 1992.
Fenster, L. et al. Epidemiology, 2, 168-174, 1991.
Stein, Z., Susser, M. Epidemiology, 2, 163-167, 1991.
Cnattingius, S. et al. The New England Journal of Medicine, 343, 1839-1845, 2000.
Kline, J. et al. Epidemiology, 2, 490-417, 1991.